Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
- The Open Access Proceedings Series for Conferences
Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
Vol. 46, 19 April 2024
Open
Access | Article
The Role of Parenting Style and Childhood Friendship in Predicting Risk of Adulthood Psychopathy
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the role of parenting style and childhood friendship in predicting the risk of adulthood psychopathy. This paper concluded that negative parenting, parental psychopathic traits and antisocial friendship played a vital role in shaping the antisocial behaviour of their offspring. Additionally, there was an inconsistent relationship between parental psychopathic traits (mainly focusing on conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits), negative parenting and offspring’s psychopathic traits, highlighting the importance of sensitive caring from parents before adolescence. However, children’s empathy levels have a moderating effect on their perceptions of parenting which directly affected the development of psychopathic traits. Likewise, childhood friendship can either alleviate or induce children’s antisocial behaviour, and opposite-sex friends were found to be positively correlated with disruptive behaviours. Unexpectedly, the quality of friendships, peer pressure, and positive parenting have a profound impact and they interrelate with one another in the formation of individual behaviours. By considering these factors collectively, this work gained the capacity to predict the probability of children developing psychopathy, and potentially utilize this knowledge for intervention purposes.
Keywords
Psychopathy, Psychopathic Traits, Parenting Style, Friendship, Children
References
1. Kim, E. Y., Xu, C., Bubeleva, K. V., & Neumann, C. S. (2022, January 1). Psychopathy. ScienceDirect; Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780323914970002435
2. Anderson, N. E., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). Psychopathy: Developmental perspectives and their implications for treatment. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 32(1), 103–117. National Library of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-139001
3. Harms, W. (2013, April 24). Psychopaths are not neurally equipped to have concern for others. University of Chicago News. https://news.uchicago.edu/story/psychopaths-are-not-neurally-equipped-have-concern-others
4. Verónica Molina-Coloma, Lara-Machado, R., Betsabé Lara-Barros, & Valdez-Miño, C. (2023). Criminal characteristics and psychopathy in women in prison. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 25(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.18176/resp.00061
5. Lashbrook, A. (2021, August 19). There are no “child psychopaths” because we can’t diagnose them. yet. (vice) | mechanisms of disinhibition (mod) laboratory. Modlab.yale.edu. https://modlab.yale.edu/news/there-are-no-child-psychopaths-because-we-cant-diagnose-them-yet-vice
6. Tsopelas, C., & Armenaka, M. (2012, June 1). From conduct disorder in childhood to psychopathy in adult life. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22796980/
7. Allen, J. L., Bird, E., & Chhoa, C. Y. (2018). Bad boys and mean girls: Callous-Unemotional traits, management of disruptive behavior in school, the teacher-student relationship and academic motivation. Frontiers in Education, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2018.00108
8. Kılıçaslan, A. K., Yıldız, S., Emir, B. S., & Kılıç, F. (2022). Alexithymia, reading the mind in the eyes and empathy in patients with antisocial personality disorder. La Presse Médicale Open, 3, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpmope.2022.100034
9. Meffert, H., Gazzola, V., den Boer, J. A., Bartels, A. A. J., & Keysers, C. (2013). Reduced spontaneous but relatively normal deliberate vicarious representations in psychopathy. Brain, 136(8), 2550–2562. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt190
10. Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
11. De Brito, S. A., Forth, A. E., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Brazil, I. A., Kimonis, E. R., Pardini, D., Frick, P. J., Blair, R. J. R., & Viding, E. (2021). Psychopathy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00282-1
12. Liu, R. (2023). The relationship between empathic deficits and risk of antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 8, 152–157. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4241
13. Van der Storm, L., van Lissa, C. J., Lucassen, N., Helmerhorst, K. O. W., & Keizer, R. (2021). Maternal and paternal parenting and child prosocial behavior: A meta-analysis using a structural equation modeling design. Marriage & Family Review, 58(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2021.1927931
14. Álvarez-García, D., González-Castro, P., Núñez, J. C., Rodríguez, C., & Cerezo, R. (2019). Impact of family and friends on antisocial adolescent behavior: The mediating role of impulsivity and empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02071
15. Ciairano, S., Rabaglietti, E., Roggero, A., Bonino, S., & Beyers, W. (2007). Patterns of adolescent friendships, psychological adjustment and antisocial behavior: The moderating role of family stress and friendship reciprocity. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(6), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407080573
16. Cox, J., Kopkin, M. R., A. Rankin, J., S. Tomeny, T., & Coffey, C. A. (2018). The relationship between parental psychopathic traits and parenting style. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(7), 2305–2314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1057-9
17. Dadds, M. R., Allen, J. L., Oliver, B. R., Faulkner, N., Legge, K., Moul, C., Woolgar, M., & Scott, S. (2012). Love, eye contact and the developmental origins of empathy v. psychopathy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(03), 191–196. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085720
18. Waller, R., Shaw, D. S., & Hyde, L. W. (2016). Observed fearlessness and positive parenting interact to predict childhood callous-unemotional behaviors among low-income boys. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(3), 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12666
19. Goulter, N., McMahon, R. J., Pasalich, D. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2019). Indirect Effects of Early Parenting on Adult Antisocial Outcomes via Adolescent Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Callous-Unemotional Traits. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(6), 930–942. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1613999
20. Wagner, N. J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Willoughby, M. T., Zvara, B., & Cox, M. J. (2015). Parenting and children’s representations of family predict disruptive and callous-unemotional behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 51(7), 935–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039353
21. Dotterer, H. L., Burt, S. A., Klump, K. L., & Hyde, L. W. (2021). Associations Between Parental Psychopathic Traits, Parenting, and Adolescent Callous-Unemotional Traits. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49(11), 1431–1445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00841-w
22. Muratori, P., Lochman, J. E., Lai, E., Milone, A., Nocentini, A., Pisano, S., Righini, E., & Masi, G. (2016). Which dimension of parenting predicts the change of callous unemotional traits in children with disruptive behavior disorder? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 69, 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.06.002
23. Flom, M., White, D., Ganiban, J., & Saudino, K. J. (2020). Longitudinal Links Between Callous-Unemotional Behaviors and Parenting in Early Childhood: A Genetically Informed Design. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(3), 401-409.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.03.013
24. Crocetti, E., Van der Graaff, J., Moscatelli, S., Keijsers, L., Koot, H. M., Rubini, M., Meeus, W., & Branje, S. (2016). A Longitudinal Study on the Effects of Parental Monitoring on Adolescent Antisocial Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Adolescent Empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01726
25. Dunn, J., & Hughes, C. (2001). “I got some swords and you’re dead!”: Violent fantasy, antisocial behavior, friendship, and moral sensibility in young children. Child Development, 72(2), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00292
26. Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., Winter, C. E., & Bullock, B. M. (2004). Adolescent Friendship as a Dynamic System: Entropy and Deviance in the Etiology and Course of Male Antisocial Behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(6), 651–663. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jacp.0000047213.31812.21
27. Piehler, T. F., & Dishion, T. J. (2007). Interpersonal Dynamics Within Adolescent Friendships: Dyadic Mutuality, Deviant Talk, and Patterns of Antisocial Behavior. Child Development, 78(5), 1611–1624. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01086.x
28. Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (1999). Best Friendships, Group Relationships, and Antisocial Behavior in Early Adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(4), 413–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431699019004001
29. Kornienko, O., Davila, M., & Santos, C. E. (2019). Friendship Network Dynamics of Aggressive and Rule-Breaking Antisocial Behaviors in Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(10), 2065–2078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01109-9
30. Ciarrochi, J., Sahdra, B. K., Hawley, P. H., & Devine, E. K. (2019). The Upsides and Downsides of the Dark Side: A Longitudinal Study Into the Role of Prosocial and Antisocial Strategies in Close Friendship Formation. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00114
31. Arndorfer, C. L., & Stormshak, E. A. (2008). Same-sex Versus Other-sex Best Friendship in Early Adolescence: Longitudinal Predictors of Antisocial Behavior Throughout Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(9), 1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9311-x
32. Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). The role of proactive and reactive aggression in the formation and development of boys’ friendships. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.233
33. Franken, A., Moffitt, T. E., Steglich, C. E. G., Dijkstra, J. K., Harakeh, Z., & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2015). The Role of Self-Control and Early Adolescents’ Friendships in the Development of Externalizing Behavior: The SNARE Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(9), 1800–1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0287-z
Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study will be available from the authors upon reasonable request.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Authors who publish this series agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the series right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this series.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the series's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this series.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See Open Access Instruction).
- Volume Title
- Proceedings of the International Conference on Global Politics and Socio-Humanities
- ISBN (Print)
- 978-1-83558-361-6
- ISBN (Online)
- 978-1-83558-362-3
- Published Date
- 19 April 2024
- Series
- Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media
- ISSN (Print)
- 2753-7048
- ISSN (Online)
- 2753-7056
- DOI
- 10.54254/2753-7048/46/20230674
- Copyright
- 19 April 2024
- Open Access
- This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited