Exploring the Interventions of Different Participants in Early Childhood Development

: Early childhood development has been valued by the government and policy makers in China, but the current intervention system is not yet complete. This paper hopes to discover how to establish a coordinated and comprehensive intervention network on the basis of previous research. On the one hand, it can provide future scholars with research ideas in this regard, and on the other hand, it can also provide policy-makers with policy-making ideas. In this regard,this paper did a literature review, mainly searching for related articles on Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and reviewed 20 articles.The government, the community, and the family each play an important role in the development of early childhood.However, their limitation is that there is no joint government, family, and community tripartite governance.


Introduction
Early childhood development intervention has been valued by the government and policy makers in China, but the current intervention system is not well established.Although the previous interventions have reference significance for the early development of later research, the previous interventions are mainly inter-individual interventions, and the interventions are too broad.In the previous studies by related scholars, the intervention was mainly carried out from the community and the government from the field perspective, and the service targets were mainly limited to poor children and left-behind children, and the research was also singular.Although it has provided us with sufficient measures and enriched the research foundation, it has relative limitations in terms of the field of intervention and the target of service.Therefore, this article hopes to weaken this limitation on the basis of previous research and fill in the research gap of previous interventions.Hope to discover how to build a coordinated and comprehensive intervention network on the basis of the past.On the one hand, it can provide future scholars with research ideas in this regard, on the other hand, it can also provide policymakers with ideas for formulating policies, which is meaningful both academically and practically Many measures have been taken in the previous early childhood development interventions, and a good result has been achieved.Richter and Black pointed out in their article before that the government should play the greatest role in this process.Richter believes that the government should establish a mechanism to improve Progress at the level is effective [1].Black also stated in the article that the government has provided a series of measures such as home visit courses, formulation of laws and regulations, and nutritional supplements in early childhood development interventions [2].At the same time, it is not difficult to find that in the final analysis, the government's financial investment plays the greatest role in the early development of children.
However, their still has some limitation of this study.Zhang pointed out in the article that the parenting style is a key factor that affects the development of children [3].Zhou also said that community music and massage are interventions for newborn care under low resource allocation [4].
However, there are still shortcomings in previous research, because previous studies have focused on a single perspective and cannot comprehensively look at the process of early childhood development intervention, but in the field of public management, the government family community itself should be a tripartite cooperation Governance, the research itself is to look at the effect of tripartite cooperation, so the theoretical direction in the construction of the future early childhood development intervention system should be the tripartite cooperative governance of the government family community.
This paper uses "early childhood development" and "intervention" as keywords, and searches for articles from 2000 to the present on the Google Scholar and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.After screening, a total of 16 articles are included in the classification summary of this paper.

Interventions on early childhood development
In early childhood development interventions, there are many measures that are proposed to be handed out by the government, so there is a slight ambiguity on the boundary of specific interventionists, so the hierarchy in this paper will be divided according to the specific final implementers.

Government intervention on early childhood development
Generally speaking, the government mainly intervenes and guides the early development of children by establishing mechanisms and policies.There are many guiding and interventional roles in improving access to quality early childhood development, nursing and pre-school education, with the purpose of eliminating hunger and poverty in early childhood development.Previously, there were also authors who suggested that intervention measures would be more effective and less costly than later compensation measures.At the same time, the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) is also included in the Sustainable Development Goals, so early childhood development interventions are also particularly important [1].The specific change in terms of finances is to provide families with time and financial resources in order to provide nurturing care for young children.For example, provide low-income children with public subsidy-based early childhood development programs, and provide low-income families with housing subsidies, mixed-income housing development, paid parental leave, tuition-free poverty alleviation education, and so on [5][6].
In terms of nutrition intervention, it can be carried out on the basis of existing health and nutrition services [2].For example, provide basic health care, immunization and nutritional supplements, increase poverty alleviation, and provide poor children with milk powder and nutrition packs.To a certain extent, the above are all interventions and assistance for the early development of poor children.Therefore, it is particularly important for the government to strengthen the execution and quality of child health management [3,7].However, government intervention in nutrition is also an indirect government financial subsidy.
Interventions in psychological growth, language, education, etc. cover all early children, such as ensuring that migrant children are enrolled in the nearest school to obtain equal education rights [8].Increasing the training of pre-school teachers and well-trained teachers, access to the support of the knowledge base, and small-scale classes are mainly focused on the strength of teachers [9][10].These are to provide educational compensation to disadvantaged children in order to pursue educational equity and eliminate the intergenerational cycle of poverty.Among them, the intervention of the setting of home visit courses has also greatly improved the interaction between parents and children, and has a significant effect on children's language expression [3].The above interventions also fully demonstrate the importance of shifting from "material-based finance" to "people-based finance", and some researchers have shown that the focus of early childhood development of public services should be on the soft power of the talent team [11].Although most scholars have pointed out that financial intervention is particularly important, some scholars have pointed out that more attention should be paid to the designated development process [12].

Community intervention on early childhood development
Community interventions also play a large role in the early development of young children.Community-based interventions can be divided into health care services, regular home visiting programs, subsidies, and individualized services and activities for children.Because parenting interventions build on existing health and nutrition services, community-based interventions also play an important role in early childhood development.Notonly that, there are many early intervention methods suitable for early childhood in low-resource environments in the community.
In the learning experience needed for the development of young children, the community also provides supportive relationships and positive learning experiences, and plays a core role in this regard [12].For example, the community will organize some regular home visits, which will significantly improve the cognitive and emotional skills of disadvantaged children, and will also have a positive impact on the parenting style of the mother [9].Community medical service intervention is mainly embodied in the establishment of health service departments: subsidies for pregnant women, prevention and treatment of diseases in children, expanded to promote the upbringing of young children [6].
In early childhood development, the community not only provides medical services that can effectively intervene in the health of early children, but also establishes some parent-child projects and activities to improve early children's social emotions and cognition [9].For example, regular family visits, this kind of project can help parents and children grow up, and promote a more positive family atmosphere, full of love and warmth.Because this kind of activity is family participation, it will also have a positive impact on the parenting style of the family, so in the long run, it can also be positive and far-reaching for children's growth intervention.
In terms of economy, communities can share the cost of family parenting through childcare allowances, personal income tax reductions, vouchers and subsidies, free policies, etc., to ensure family equity, but this intervention often benefits poor families [11].
Establishing personalized services, such as children's activity centers, is also an important way of education to cultivate students' core qualities of thinking.This kind of intervention can stimulate students' thinking potential in the learning process and promote the healthy development of their own thinking ability [13].
The lack of family functions in the early development of children is also not conducive to the healthy growth of children, so the community also provides some childcare services to increase the replacement of parents to maintain the atmosphere of healthy growth of children in the original family [14].
For left-behind children and other communities, some special service regulations will also be added.For example, halfway dormitories of children's shelters and children's centers, etc., all of which have a positive intervention effect on the early development of children [15].Some authors have shown that the following specific methods are also very practical in community-based early childhood development interventions in some low-resource environments.For example, music-based interventions are usually conducted in the environment of the neonatal ward.Game reading and tactile stimulation interventions have also shown a positive impact on the early development of children's intelligence.The kangaroo mother's nursing rules are helpful to increase the number of infants.Infant weight is a cost-effective method of early infant intervention [4].

Family intervention on early childhood development
In a normal range of exposure, parents are the earliest contact with the child, so parental intervention is more effective and least costly than any later intervention to compensate [1].Parents should be nurturing and enlightening in nutrition, cognition, movement, and language to create a better family atmosphere [13].
Families provide supportive relationships and positive learning experiences in children's early growth and development [12].For example, the main bearers of children's education expenses and growth expenses are borne by the family.Therefore, the family's intervention with children is the most important and the earliest and most direct.
The impact of the family on children is the most fundamental and source of impact.Therefore, parents take the initiative to reduce the tension between parent and child in the early development of children, which can create a good family atmosphere.The realization of child protection goals through the family is also very important for the early development of children.Necessary [15].The main intervention of parents in early childhood development is their own intervention, such as parents changing their own parenting concepts, preventing their own wrong parenting behaviors, and establishing correct parenting methods.All of these can reduce children's problems and promote the healthy development of children in all aspects [3].At the same time, family participation in the early childhood education center's projects is also conducive to helping early children's cognitive and social emotional development, and improving school readiness [9].In the early development of children, language intervention is also an important intervention.Studies have shown that increasing the language input and feedback of parents/caregivers to children can improve children's language skills, thereby increasing children's language expression skills and expanding their language Vocabulary, so the parenting style is also a key factor affecting the development of children [3].
In addition, parents should also give their children warmth and care as much as possible during early childhood growth, and increase parent-child communication with their children.Such intervention will reduce the feeling of loneliness and helplessness of some children leaving their parents.Therefore, parents should realize Parents' care for their children is also a vital part of early intervention [16].Because of the lack of parental communication and companionship, there is no emotional support in the family environment.

Conclusions
In previous articles, family interventions are rarely involved in early childhood development, but family interventions and community and government interventions can better complement each other.But the government, family, and community can still play a positive role in the construction of this system.Generally speaking, early childhood development is a comprehensive and coordinated intervention measure, which should be viewed in a comprehensive manner.Therefore, in the future construction of the early childhood development system, the government should be a tripartite cooperative governance of family communities, and the intervention parties that play a role should also be It is done from multiple perspectives, and future scholars can also pay more attention to family interventions in early childhood development.